A potent but underdiscussed phenomenon in the fields of socializing and seduction is that of emotional contagion, the tendency for emotions between two or more people to converge emotional contagion is the foundation of frame control, and is of vital importance too in creating sexual tension and social pressure, in remaining in command of yourself and others in high pressure situations, and. Bauch, university of waterloo, canada social media are used as. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate emotional contagion in textbased communication. This article analyzes the ethical discussion focusing on the facebook emotional contagion experiment published by the proceedings of the national academy of sciences in 2014. It helped our ancestors understand each other in a time before language, where they could recognize fear, for instance, by having the same feelings induced in them, thus helping them survive potential danger.
The emotional contagion scale ecs is a selfreport scale used to measure individual differences in susceptibility to converge towards the emotions expressed by others. You may say, or express, that its a pity, but in reality. The original american ecs doherty, 1997, translated into swedish, was. Facebooks emotional contagion experiment as a challenge. Pdf a model for emotional contagion based on the emotional. Connecting minds and sharing emotions through mimicry. The science of emotional contagion goes back to 400 b. Emotional contagion and group affective tone in the student cohort model. Measuring emotional contagion in social media emilio ferrara1,2 and zayao yang1 1school of informatics and computing, indiana university, bloomington, in, usa 2indiana university network science institute, bloomington, in, usa abstract social media are used as main discussion channels by millions of individuals every day. The results of the study conformed to a twofactor structure of emotional labor. The emotional contagion scale is a 15item index that aims to measure individual differences in susceptibility to catching the emotions of other individuals.
The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. This scale has been translated into a variety of languagesincluding finnish, german. With data from millions of facebook users, we show that rainfall directly influences the emotional content of their status messages, and it also. How seducers use emotional contagion to attract girls chase. These two dimensions tap three types of serviceacting.
The polarity score s ranges between 4 extremely negative. The article experimental evidence of massivescale emotional contagion through social networks by adam d. Pdf a swedish adaptation of the emotional contagion. After a user makes a status update with emotional content, their friends are significantly more likely to make a valence. Detecting emotional contagion in massive social networks lorenzo coviello1, yunkyu sohn2, adam d. Emotions can be shared across individuals in many different ways both implicitly or explicitly.
Happiness and other emotions spread between people in direct contact, but it is unclear whether massive online social networks also contribute to this spread. Adaptation of the emotional contagion scale ecs and gender. The massivescale experiment manipulated the news feeds of a large amount of facebook users and was successful in proving that emotional contagion happens also in online. Singer and lamm, 2009, this state of affective sharing does not require knowledge about the origin of the affective experience whether it is. Fowler2,6 1electrical and computer engineering department, university of california san diego, san diego, california, united states of america, 2political science department. Evidence of massivescale emotional contagion through. Emotional contagion is well established in laboratory experiments 1, in which people transfer positive and negative moods and emotions to others. As the negativity spread, it drained the energy of our team and the company as a whole. The negative emotions i caught temporarily overwhelmed my. The emotional contagion scale is a survey that assesses how susceptible people are to catching others emotions.
Emotional contagion is well established in laboratory experiments, with people transferring positive and negative emotions to others. Background the emotional contagion scale ecs measures individual differences in susceptibility to catching emotions expressed by others. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed. Results suggested that the data from the emotional contagion scale are best fit by a onefactor model. The fact that emotional contagion between a mother and a child can have both a positive or a negative impact on a.
Three studies n 1988 describe the development and validation of the emotional contagion ec scale, a 15item unidimensional measure of susceptibility to others emotions resulting from afferent feedback generated by mimicry. Read each question and indicate the answer which best applies to you. Its a 15item index designed to measure an individuals susceptibility to catching the emotions of others. The facebook study, entitled experimental evidence of massivescale emotional contagion through social networksal. A model of emotional contagion this study focuses on emotional contagion, a process in which a person or group influences the emotions or behavior of another person or group through the conscious or uncon scious induction of emotion states and behavioral attitudes schoenewolf, 1990. Indeed, the effect of the emotional contagion was observed over a short interaction approximately 15 minutes, suggesting that emotional contagion can operate quickly. The emotional contagion scale was designed to assess peoples susceptibility to catching joy and happiness, love, fear and anxiety, anger, and sadness and depression, as well as emotions in general doherty, 1997. Emotional contagion is the tendency to catch and feel emotions that are similar to and influenced by those of others. One view developed by john cacioppo of the underlying mechanism is that it represents a tendency to automatically mimic and synchronize facial expressions, vocalizations, postures, and movements with those of another person and, consequently, to.
Emotional contagion is the result of our own and others interpretations of thoughts and feelings. Here, we elaborate a novel method for measuring the contagion of emotional expression. The emotional contagion scale is one of the measures used in this research. It is based on a mob andor hive mentality which sweeps through a crowd. The emotional contagion scale was designed to assess peoples susceptibility to catching joy and happiness, love, fear and anxiety, anger, and sadness and depression, as well as emotions in general see doherty, 1997. The main aim of the present paper was to examine the psychometric properties of the greek translation of the scale. Emotional contagion is a part of empathy, but by itself it is not empathy. Measuring emotional contagion in social media plos one doi. By the 1700s, researchers began to discover that people mirror the smiles and frowns they see on someone elses face. Emotional states can be transferred to others via emotional contagion, leading them to experience the same emotions as those around them. The result is expressed via mimicry and facial expressions. Pdf experimental evidence of massivescale emotional. Its a 15item index designed to measure an individuals. The choice of focusing on the polarity score rather than on both positive and negative sentiment.
There are no right or wrong answers, so try very hard to be completely honest in your answers. This study involves the rigorous development of a 10item scale, the hospitality emotional labor scale, to measure the emotional labor that employees perform. Emotional contagion has been with the human species for a very long time. Hancock cornell university was published on 17 june 2014 in proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america pnas, a. We show, via a massive n 689,003 experiment on facebook, that emotional states can be transferred to others via emotional contagion, leading people to experience the same emotions without their awareness.
Kramer3, cameron marlow3, massimo franceschetti1, nicholas a. The survey consisted of three measures, the positive and negative affect schedule, the emotional contagion scale, and the emotional expressivity scale. Study 1 assesses the ec scales reliability cronbachs. In this work, the authors present a model for contagion of emotions using the emotional contagion scale ecs. The spread of emotion via facebook facebook research.
When someone tells you with a big smile that she passed an important test, you smile as well. We provide experimental evidence that emotional contagion occurs without direct interaction between people exposure to a friend expressing an emotion is sufficient, and in the. Detecting emotional contagion in massive social networks. The original scale was first given to a sample of 1,445 individuals to verify its internal consistency. For example bispo and paiva 3 based their model on the emotional contagion scale. Imagine that you made plans with a friend but they need to cancel and perhaps you didnt want to go in the first place.
Informed consent and the facebook emotional manipulation. Next, learn how facebook took advantage of emotional contagion by doing the following. Darwin7 argued that emotional experience should be profoundly affected by feedback from the facial muscles. The impact of emotional contagion and its relationship to. Emotional contagion describes the phenomenon of an automatic adoption of an emotional state of another person. Emotional contagion is the phenomenon of having one persons emotions and related behaviors directly trigger similar emotions and behaviors in other people. Emotional contagion and group affective tone in the. Emotional states can be transferredtoothersviaemotional contagion, leading people to experience the same emotions without their awareness. The value of the paper is that its where facebook first started getting creative. Emotional states can be transferred to others via emotional contagion, leading people to experience the same emotions without their awareness.
Measuring emotional contagion in social media pdf paperity. Staking out the unclear ethical terrain of online social. This current study analyzed the relationship between susceptibility to emotional contagion and existing mood using two. Emotional contagion an overview sciencedirect topics. Study 2 finds susceptibility a positively related to reactivity, emotionality, sensitivity to.
For instance, conscious reasoning, analysis and imagination have all been found to contribute to the phenomenon. Experimental evidence of massivescale emotional contagion. The emotional contagion scale measurement instrument. Social media are used as main discussion channels by millions of individuals every day. The tendency to automatically mimic and synchronize expressions, vocalizations, postures, and movements with those of another. Emotional contagion is a process by which a person or group induces emotions, consciously or unconsciously, to another person. Experimental evidence of massivescale emotional contagion through social networks adam d. The emotional contagion scale ecs is a selfreport scale used to measure individual differences in susceptibility to converge towards the. The emotional contagion scale this is a scale that measures a variety of feelings and behaviors in various situations. The content individuals produce in daily socialmediabased microcommunications, and the emotions therein expressed, may impact the emotional states of others.
The effects of emotional labor on employee work outcomes. Data from a large realworld social network, collected over a 20y period suggests that longerlasting moods e. November measuring emotional contagion in social media emilio ferrara 0 1 zeyao yang 0 1 0 1 school of informatics and computing, indiana university, bloomington, in, united states of america, 2 information sciences institute, university of southern california, marina del rey, ca, united states of america 1 editor. Now that we understand the differences and similarities of the ideas of emotional contagion and empathy, it is important to understand what brings this discussion up. Emotional contagion from followers to leaders, and its. Bhullars 2012b study found that greater susceptibility to emotional contagion for the love subscale was observed in. It examines a persons tendency to mimic five basic emotionssadness, fear, anger, happiness, and love. Adaptation of the emotional contagion scale ecs and. Studies show that emotional contagion most often occurs at a significantly less conscious level, based on automatic processes and physiological responses e.
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